Transcarpathian Jews — Remnants of culture and " Uzhgorod synagogue"

Jews in Transcarpathia

Виктор Шатров

02.05.2020

Jewish Jewish settlement Transcarpathia began in the XV century, but most of the Jews moved to our region in the XVIII century. They moved here from Galicia, where overpopulation, political unrest and constant persecution made their life unbearable. Transcarpathia at that time was very depopulated due to the war of 1703-1711 and could accept a large number of immigrants. As early as 1787, 6,311 Jews inhabited the komitata of Ung, Bereg, Ugocha, andMaramorosh. In the morning XIX century immigration from Galicia took place on an even larger scale. Further growth of migration processes and a high birth rate led to a significant increase in the Jewish population. In 1910, the Jewish communities of the above-mentioned four comitates numbered 128,791 people.

Історія єврейського населення Закарпаття

Варто відзначити, що кількість євреїв в Закарпатті до другої половини 18 ст. була дуже незначною. У цей час зростаюча кількість втікачів-євреїв почала прибувати до північно-східної частини Угорського королівства з Польсько-Литовської Речі Посполитої, рятуючись від погромів, пов’язаних з повстанням гайдамаків в Україні і політичною нестабільністю внаслідок трьох поділів Речі Посполитої та її остаточного зникнення з політичної…

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In 1867, the Jews of Austria-Hungary were granted equal rights with their Christian neighbors, at the same time they received the status ofHungarian the Israeli faith, having lost their nationality. This law created new opportunities for economic growth, but led to a split within the Jewish community. Wealthy Jews quickly assimilated with the dominant Hungarian nation, wanting to participate in the economic, social, and cultural processes in the region. And all those who continued to speak Yiddish were on the verge of poverty.

Етнографічна характеристика населення Закарпаття

Перед тим як поїхати відпочивати на Закарпаття будь-якому туристу варто познайомитись з етнографічною характеристикою його населення. Загалом Закарпатська область край багатонаціональний. Тут проживає мужній та працьовитий народ, який протягом складного історичного розвитку створював дорогоцінний скарб духовної та матеріальної культури. Закарпаття є наймолодшою областю у складі України. Вона потрапила до складу тодішньої УРСР лише після Другої…

Transcarpathia at that time was known as the” land of schnoreriv “because of the large number of Jews who lived as” schnoreri”, that is, vagrants who collected alms in neighboring lands. It can be argued that begging was acceptable and even considered a noble way to earn a living, but this caused hostility from other people who also did not have sufficient means to support themselves.

Economic contrasts within the Jewish community were also exacerbated by religious differences. The poor Transcarpathian Jews were mainlythe Orthodox Hasidim,while the entrepreneurial elite was inclined to reform and liberal.

The annexation of the province to the Czechoslovak Republic in 1919 opened up new opportunities for Jews. The state recognized the rights of all national minorities, and everyone could openly Express their national identity.

According to statistics, in 1921 there were 93,341 Jews living in Transcarpathia – 15.4 % of the total population of the region, and in total 354,342 Jews lived in Czechoslovakia, that is, every fourth lived in the territory of the region. In 1930, their number in the region increased to 105,542.

The Jewish elite lived in cities, but more than half of the Transcarpathian Jewish community lived in villages. Theirwooden house мalmost did not differ from the houses of their neighbors-Rusyns. But, as a rule, Jews lived in the center of the village. Jewish families had many children and numbered an average of 7-8 people.

Этнография

Закарпатье давно было важным местом культурного перекрестка между Востоком и Западом. Здесь встречались и смешивались разные народы и этнические группы, с отличными традициями, обычаями и религиями. С конца XI в. началось постепенное включение Закарпатья в состав Венгрии, после чего процесс заселения края получил крайне сложный характер…