Climate features of Transcarpathia

The territory of Transcarpathia is under the influence of air flows, which are carried for the most part from the Atlantic, as well as from the Mediterranean and continental regions of Asia. Cyclones that originate over the Atlantic bring moist air here. Therefore, the winter in the region is mild, with frequent thaws, and the summer is warm, with frequent rains. Despite the considerable distance, the Atlantic ocean softens the temperate continental climate of Transcarpathia.

In the flat part of the region the average temperature indicators July is from +20 to +21 degrees Celsius, and January-from -3 to -4 degrees Celsius’s. The amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm per year.

In the foothills at altitudes from 150 to 400 meters, the average July temperatures range from +18 to +20 degrees Celsius, and January-from -4 to -5 degrees Celsius. The amount of precipitation is 900-1100 millimeters per year.

In mountain in the zone at altitudes from 400 to 500 meters, the average temperature in July is from + 16 to + 19 degrees Celsius, and in January – from -4 to-7 degrees Celsius.

The most severe climate in Transcarpathia is in the high-altitude zone-on altitudes from 850 to 1500 meters. In this part of Transcarpathia average temperature indicators July is from +12 to +15 degrees Celsius, and January-from -6 to -8 degrees Celsius’s. The amount of precipitation is 1100-1400 millimeters per year.

The lowest temperature in Transcarpathia in the entire history of observations-minus 36 degrees Celsius – was registered in the village Nyzhnii Studenyi Intermountain region,and the maximum is in the city Beregovo – plus 41 degrees Celsius.

The warm period in Transcarpathia lasts from the end of February to November. In the valley zone the warm period begins from the end of April and ends in the second half October.

In the flat part of Transcarpathia the height of snow cover in individual the height reaches 30-40 centimeters, in the mountains-up to 2-3 meters. However, in the last years of winter in Transcarpathia, very little snow, especially in the flat part of the region. Snowmelt in the lowland-foothill zone begins at the end of the second decade of February. In Gorno-Lesnoy however, the snow begins to descend only in the second half of April.

In February, the rapid melting of snow begins, which is accompanied by big rains. Rivers have very high snow and rain floods, which sometimes they turn into floods, such as in 1992, 1998, and 2001.

Ethnographic characteristics of the population of Transcarpathia

Before you go on vacation in Transcarpathia, any tourist should get acquainted with the ethnographic characteristics of its population. In General, the Transcarpathian region is a multi-ethnic region. It is home to a courageous and hard-working people who have created a precious treasure of spiritual and material culture over the course of a complex historical development.

Transcarpathia is the youngest region in Ukraine. It became part of the then Ukrainian SSR only after World War II, namely, on January 22, 1946. the Transcarpathian region is located on the South-Western slopes of the Ukrainian mountains Carpathian and their foothills, as well as in the North-Eastern part of the middle Danube lowland. Transcarpathia has a unique geographical location. Transcarpathian region borders with Lviv (85 km) and Ivano-Frankivsk (180 km) regions, and then only on mountain ranges. At the same time, the state border of Ukraine with four countries – Poland (33 km), Slovakia (98 km), Hungary (135 km) and Romania (190 km) – passes through Transcarpathia. The border runs along mountain ranges and on flat territory, and for a significant segment – along the riverYew tree and its tributaries.

Transcarpathia has long been an important cultural crossroads between East and West. Different peoples and ethnic groups met and mixed here, with different traditions, customs and religions. Since the end of the XI century the gradual incorporation of Transcarpathia into the Hungarians, after that, the process of settling the region has become extremely complex. The formation of Transcarpathia into a separate unique ethnographic zone was influenced by a whole complex of factors: natural-geographical, state-political, religious, economic, ethno-cultural and ethnodemographic. Throughout its historical development, the Transcarpathian ethnographic zone has been constantly shrinking. At the end of the XVIII-beginning ХІХ the total area of Transcarpathia was 22.3 thousand km2, including at home Maramoroskyi,Ugochanskyi, Berezki and Uzhanskythe counties (of a total area of 17.9 thousand km 2) and about 4.4 thousand km of the Ukrainian ethnic territories of the Zemplinsky, Sharish, spish and Abu-Tornyansky comitates. As a result of ethnopolitical processes the territory of Transcarpathia in 1918-1938 was reduced to 15.6 thousand km2.

Today the total area of the region is 12.8 thousand km2. The population of Transcarpathia is 1 million 244 thousand people. (as of 2010). Along with Ukrainians (about 80 %) on the territory of the region live compactly Hungarians, Romanians, Russians, Slovaks and many other nationalities.

Ukrainians

The culture of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia is an integral part of the national Treasury of the Ukrainian people. The peculiarity of historical, economic and cultural development, natural and geographical features, close contacts with other peoples – all this is characteristic of the Ukrainians of Transcarpathia.

An important role in the formation of ethnographic and local features of the folk culture of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia was played by the penetration of migrants from the North of the Carpathians of various ethnographic groups –Hutsuls, firing pin, Lemke.

In TranscarpathiaХІХ –the beginning of the twentieth century are the following ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian population: dolyniany, Lemko, Boyko, Hutsuls.

Dolyniany

Most of the territory of Transcarpathia (9.75 thousand km2)and 200 km2of Ukrainian ethnic territory in Romania along the. Yew tree from m. Sigit to m. Tyachev inhabited by Ukrainians-dolinyane. They live on the plain, in the foothills, middle mountains and partly high mountains of Transcarpathia from the town of Shopurki in the East to the border with Slovakia in the West. The Northern boundary of the watershed dolinian pass the half-oninsky ridge from PGT. Mezhgore in the village of Yavirnyk on In the Russian Federation.In the South, they are bordered by Hungarians who inhabit the outskirts of Transcarpathia, lowlands along the border with Hungary.

Most researchers believe that dolyniany came from southern Ukraine through Moldova and Transylvania, and Transylvania are the descendants of Slavs.

Firing pin

Boykivshchyna occupies the mountain systems of the Central and Western part of the Ukrainian Carpathians. According to modern administrative-territorial division named area covers South-Western districts of Rognedinska and almost all Dolyna district Ivano-Frankivsk region; Skole, Turka, southern strip Stryi, Sambir and most part of Starosambirskyi district, Lviv region, Northern part Intermountain, Velyky Yes all of it Volovetsky districts of Transcarpathia. The Transcarpathian part of Boykivshchyna was inhabited mainly by migrants, fleeing from feudal oppression, fleeing to the mountain hard-to-reach areas. In the South, boiki is bordered by dolynyans, in the southwest by lemki and poles, in the Southeast by Hutsuls, and in the East by the Ukrainians of the naddneprianshchyna.

Regarding the origin of the ethnonym “boyki” does not have a unanimous opinion. Some people derived it from the word “boyaka” – HIV, the second – from the word “brisk” – brave, the third-from the word “voiko” – warrior, the fourth-from the name Celtic the “Boi” tribe or the Scythian “boisk” tribe, the fifth-from the use of the “boie” share in the boik conversation, etc. In the early twentieth century, local Ukrainians did not use the word “boiki” as a self-designation. So they were called by Ukrainians of other ethnographic groups and neighboring peoples. They took the name of Boika as offensive, and insisted on their Rusynism or ukrainism. Only under the influence of the printed word gradually the name “boyki” began to be perceived as a self-designation.

The ethnographic region of the Transcarpathian boykivs occupies the entire Volovets district; the mezhgorsky district (with the exception of the upper reachesR. Terebly with the center in Kolochava village, Мizhgorye and Vuchkovo in the valley R. rivers). The Village Is Quiet, Goose, Dry, Uzhok, Volosyanka in the upper reaches р. Уж The region can be interpreted as the boykovo-lemkovo border area.

Lemke

An ethnographic group of lemk Ukrainians has long inhabited the Northern and southern slopes of the low mountains Rock between R. San and R. Uzh in the East and Poprad and the Danube in the West.
in the sources “Lemko”,” lemki ” occurs from the XVI century. in the scientific literature, it was first used in 1834 by O. Levitsky, and then in 1841 by I. Vagilevich, in 1844 by p. shafarik, in 1851 by V. Pol, and in 1860 by O. Toronsky’s publication “Rusyns – lemki”.

I. Senko, collecting field materials in the region, recorded that the question about the place of residence of lemkov received the answer: “We are not lemki. Lemki for Berezny, lemki for Beskid, and the village of Uzhke on those who do something short-term say: you’re a Lemko! We are not lemki.” So, local Ukrainians did not use the word “lemki” as a self-designation. So they were called by Ukrainians of other ethnographic groups and neighboring peoples. They perceived the name of lemka as offensive, and insisted on their Rusynism or ukrainism. Only under the influence of the printed word gradually the name “lemki” began to be perceived as a self-designation.

the name of lemks is derived from the word “LEM”, which is often used in conversation, which means “only” (only).

The ethnographic region of the Transcarpathian lemks occupies the villages of the right Bank of the upper river. Snake (Verkhovyna Fast, Lubnia, Zahorb, Stuzhytsia, Domashyn,Princess, Strichava, Zavosino) in the province of Veliky Novgorod, as well as villages Novoselka and Zarichevo on PureCinema. It covers an area of about 164 km2.

The formation of cultural and everyday differences of the Transcarpathian lemks was influenced by both physical and geographical conditions, as well as extensive contacts with the boiki, dolinians, poles, Slovaks, Hungarians.

Hutsuls

Hutsuls occupy a special place among the internal territorial parts of the Ukrainian ethnic group. According to the level of internal integration and self-identification, they belong to such communities, which in Ethnology are called subetnos. Sub-ethnic groups – these are internal territorial parts of ethnic groups that differ in certain cultural and household specifics, self-designation, opposition to others on the basis of mutual complementarity, local and zagalnoetnichnoyu self-awareness.

Based on ethnographic and linguistic-dialectal data in the modern administrative division, Hutsulshchyna covers the southern part of Nadvirnyansky, Kosovo, and the whole Verkhovyna district Ivano-Frankivsk, South of Vyzhnytsia, Putyla district, Chernivtsi and Rakhovsky district Transcarpathian regions .

The area of the Transcarpathian Hutsul region in Ukraine is 1.9 thousand km2 and completely covers the territory of the rakhovsky district. The Transcarpathian part of the Hutsul region should include more than 16 Ukrainian and a number of ethnically mixed villages of The ruskova river valley, universities and the left Bank of the Tisza river. The largest villages of the Romanian part of the Hutsul region are Polyane (Rus Polyany), Krivoy, Krasnaya, Vishevska Dolina, Bystry Lug, Veliky Bychkov, Ruskovo, etc.

Settlement of the territory of the Hutsul region took place mainly in the XVII-XVIII centuries, although some settlements appeared near salt fields in the X – XIII centuries. rich pastures also contributed to the settlement. Settlement Of The Carpathians mountain it was mainly due to runaway peasants who did not want to endure feudal oppression. Here were settled fugitives from Galicia, Bukovina, Podillya, lowland areas of Transcarpathia.

In the scientific literature, there are a number of hypotheses about the origin of the word “Hutsul”. Some researchers associate this name with the word “danced”, which allegedly called the Carpathians. Others associate it with the word “kochul” – nomad, shepherd, and others-with the word “Gotz”, “gut” – robber. F. Potushnyak noted that the boyki referred to the Hutsuls as dolinians and disparagingly called them “gainals”. Hutsuls also called those who wear “pettiki”, who go to work, then have fun walking (“gainuyut”). The disparaging Hutsul word “gaynal” means dirty, bad.

Hungarians

Hungarians – self-named “Magyars”, make up the largest group among the national minorities of Transcarpathia. The ethnogenesis and ethnic history of Hungarians is complex. Hungarian tribes, having left their historical homeland in the East of the Urals, in the first centuries of our era moved to the kami river basin, later to the steppes of the Azov and black sea regions, which were under the rule of the onogur and protobolgar Turkic tribes. In 894 – 896, the Hungarians crossed the Carpathians, seized the lands of the Middle Danube region, and moved to a sedentary lifestyle.

the Hungarians settled in the Carpathian region since the IX century. Then the path of the Hungarian tribes that moved to their new homeland, modern Hungary, lay through Veretsky перевал у Carpathian. Even in those distant times, Hungarians who lagged behind for one reason or another from the General flow of migrants, settled on the fertile lands of the valleys of the Tisza and Latorica rivers, in those places where the majority of the Hungarian population of Transcarpathia is still concentrated. However, there were still a few Hungarians in these places at that time.

In the XI century Transcarpathia was captured Hungarian kings, and since then, the migration of Hungarians here has been more intense. Especially many Hungarian villages appeared in these places in the XIII century, after the devastating Mongol-Tatar invasion. Thus, the documents tell about one of the modern large Hungarian villages: in the distant past, Slavs lived in the village. In 1241, the village was attacked by the Mongols and its entire population was completely destroyed. In the devastating village in the XIII century. Hungarian colonists came and now only the name of the village reminds of the Slavs who once lived here. Similar things happened in other areas of Transcarpathia. In the XVII-XVIII centuries, when Hungary was invaded by Turkey, farmers fled to these areas, far from the center of the state, fearing the arbitrariness of the conquerors. Hungarians also moved here in later times. They came from different parts of the country, so several dialects of the Hungarian language are still common here, as well as some local differences in material and spiritual culture.

A significant number of Hungarians live in cities (Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Coastal, Vinogradov, Khust, Tiachiv, Rakhiv) and in urban-type settlements (Solotvina, Barkasi, Kobylets’ka Polyana).However, most Hungarians are rural residents. The center of their settlement is Beregovsky district. Also a lot of Hungarians live in villages Uzhgorod, Mukachevsky and Vinogradovsky areas’. There are also mixed villages in Transcarpathia, where Hungarians live compactly next to Ukrainians and other peoples. Such, for example, are the village of Rakoshino in mukachevsky district, a settlement Vyshkovo Khust district, S. Tekovo Vinogradovsky district and a number of others. In addition to the above-mentioned areas, Hungarians live in many other villages of Transcarpathia, but they make up a small proportion of the population there.

Romanians

Romanians– self-name “Romin”. The oldest Romanian villages in Ukraine were founded in the 13TH century by people from North-Western Wallachia and South Transylvania. In Transcarpathia, the Roman-speaking population is known from documents of the XIV century under the name “Volokhov”, and from the XIX century-Romanians.

Now Transcarpathian Romanians live in 9 localities Tyachevsky district – Solotvyno, Dibrova, Deep Stream, Topchyno, Poddar, Beskey, Carbunesti, Small Bouts and 4 villages of Rakhiv district, Bila Tserkva, Medium Water,Playuts’, Dobrik.

In 1975, 99.2% of Romanians lived in single-ethnic villages. Statistical data show a gradual quantitative growth of Romanians within the current Transcarpathia. If in 1921 there were only 11867 people, in 1930 their number was 12777, in 1959 – 18346, in 1970 – 23454, in 1979 – 27155, and in 1989 – already 29845. The quantitative growth of Romanians is purely natural. There was no influx of the Romanov population, with the exception of isolated cases of arrival of specialists from Moldova and Bukovina. This, in particular, is evidenced by statistics on the ethnic Romanian village of Sredni Vodiane. In 1948, the village had only 600 inhabitants, and in 1989, the village already had 6,163 inhabitants. Over 40 years, the population of the village has grown 10 times.

Despite the multi-ethnic and ethnographically diverse composition of the population in Transcarpathia, there are no inter-ethnic or inter-religious contradictions and conflicts, people are mostly hardworking and peaceful. It is wonderful people and beautiful naturethey are the main riches of Transcarpathia.

Description of the most outstanding features of the region

The administrative center of the region is Uzhhorod. Here, even a person far from art will be attracted by Derenivska Kupil, Kolochava, Kosino, Lumshory, Mukachevo or other interesting places of Transcarpathia.

Travelers are offered just great food. Recognized fame won the dish of local cuisine Bograch – a kind of Hungarian goulash. Banosh with cream or sour cream from corn flour with cheese, mushrooms or cracklings has a stunning taste. No less nutritious Tokan with stewed sauerkraut. Be sure to try the delicious Trout, which is baked or grilled trout.

The question of where to rest in Transcarpathia is purely rhetorical. Reasonable cost and convenient transfer make the region the most competitive.

For those who do not know where to go, there are a variety of offers.

Transcarpathia is:

1. Wealth of national color.
2. Lots of different tourist routes.
3. Mild climate.
4. Availability of mineral springs.
5. Extreme tourism.
6. Developed infrastructure.
7. Variety of recreational areas.
8. Environmental friendliness.
9. Unique natural beauties, etc.

Where to go in Transcarpathia?

Lovers of antiquity and historical rarities will be amazed by the monuments founded in the IX century. Uzhhorod . Outstanding art monuments and museums, filled with amazing values, attract tourists from all over the world.

No less interesting option is Mukachevo, which has its history since the IX century. Architectural Orthodox and Catholic relics are presented here.

All-season vacation

In Transcarpathia it is easy to find the best offers at different times. In summer it is desirable to choose active tourism, in winter – ski resorts, in spring – to admire the cherry blossoms in Uzhgorod, and in autumn in comfortable conditions to explore the sights or enjoy SPA .

Where to go in Transcarpathia in the spring

At this time, green tourism is recommended here. In addition to admiring the blossoming sakura, it is recommended to visit the Daffodil Valley in the Kireshi tract and the Lavender Mountain near Perechyn . It is better to come here in early May, when the land is also covered with a solid carpet of yarrow, irises and foxglove.

Features of tourism in Transcarpathia

Locals especially respect the culture and traditions of the region. It is easy to breathe, and the soul is filled with the strength and energy of nature.

Active recreation is always possible, thanks to the large number of beech and pine forests with their dense thickets of cranberries, blackberries, raspberries and blueberries. It is also full of mushrooms, among which stand out boletuses, chanterelles and buttercups.

Quiet hiking on little-known routes will attract even the most experienced travelers.

Climbing mountains will bring a lot of impressions of natural landscapes, waterfalls and mineral water sources.

The elite ski resort will offer sports fans the cleanest air and soft crumbly snow.

Religious features

Judaism in Transcarpathia

The first mention of the Jewish community in Uzhhorod dates back to the 16th century. Jewish immigrants from Slavic regions (Czech Republic, Poland, and Galicia) spoke Yiddish and were followers of Orthodox Ashkenazi Judaism, which required strict adherence to the Torah and Talmud.

The worldview of the Jews of Transcarpathia soon became close to Hasidism, an oppositional religious and mystical movement that originated among the Jewish population of Prykarpattia and Podillia in the 1830s. The Hasidim were devoted adherents of the so-called miracle-working rebbes, and thus Transcarpathia soon became the home of strong Hasidic dynasties.

Large Hasidic communities existed in Mukachevo, Khust, Uzhhorod, and other towns and villages. Synagogues, eshibot (schools), religious workshops (matzevot bakeries, poultry slaughterhouses), and self-government bodies operated in places of compact Jewish residence.

The Jewish Enlightenment and various developments in intellectual and religious thought reached western Slovakia either through Jews from Bohemia and Moravia or through Vienna and Burgenland, but did not reach Transcarpathia, which had a large Jewish community. Transcarpathia had limited contacts with Galicia, which were hindered by the impassable Carpathian Mountains. The most fruitful ideas that came here were related to Hasidism, but the main intellectual Jewish trends did not reach the region.

Despite the large number of people with a Jewish national identity, the Zionist movement failed to take root in Transcarpathia until after the First World War. This situation was in stark contrast to that in eastern Slovakia, where the city of Kosice became one of the centres of Zionism in the Kingdom of Hungary.

A serious conflict between the representatives of Ashkenazi (i.e. anti-Hasidic) and Hasidic Judaism was the only manifestation of the intellectual life of the Jews of Transcarpathia. Thus, the Jews of this region remained a stronghold of conservatism and represented significant anti-Zionist and anti-modern forces in the Jewish world of Eastern Europe.

The emergence of Protestantism in Transcarpathia

After the defeat at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Hungary was divided between the Turks, their Transylvanian vassals, and the Austrian Habsburgs. In the context of political instability, the ideas of the Reformation began to spread rapidly. The new religious movement found its supporters in our region, primarily among German immigrants and some Hungarians.

The centre of the Protestant Calvinist movement was Berehovo and the villages of the southern districts of the Berehovo district. The first Protestant religious community in Transcarpathia was established in 1537, and by the end of the sixteenth century there were Protestants in almost every town. To fight them, Jesuit monks moved to Transcarpathia from Slovakia and persecuted the schismatics. But organised and disciplined Protestantism did not give up its positions.

In the early seventeenth century, a clear differentiation emerged between Calvinists and Lutherans. A part of the Hungarian population of the region went to the former, and the latter – to the German. Religious confrontation between Catholics and Protestants continued in our region until the defeat of the Kurucs uprising in 1711. Protestants in Transcarpathia became equal to Catholics only at the end of the eighteenth century after the reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II.

Origins of Catholicism in Transcarpathia

The Roman Church had to operate in Transcarpathia in difficult conditions. It was associated with foreign oppressors, Latin worship was incomprehensible to the local population, and Catholic holidays and customs were perceived as alien. Orthodox priests, and eventually a progressive part of the Uniate clergy and intelligentsia, opposed them.

However, it is worth noting the positive influence of Catholicism on the inclusion of Transcarpathia in the achievements of European culture. Catholic monastic orders opened schools where students studied the so-called trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic). Knowledge of Latin gave access to European universities.

In the XIII century, Hungarian kings invited colonists from Germany, most of whom were Saxons, to the lands of Transcarpathia ravaged by the Tatars. Priests and monks of the Latin rite moved to the region with them. The German colonists received land, the right to self-government, built churches, opened schools, and tried to catholicise the local Rusyns. The Serednyansky castle, built by the Templar monks, is a testament to these processes.

The position of Catholics in the region was significantly strengthened in the early fourteenth century, when the Anjou dynasty came to power in Hungary. To strengthen his position, the new king, Charles Robert, invited Western European magnates to Transcarpathia, the most famous of whom were the counts of Druget.

It was the Drugeti who played a major role in the spread of Catholicism in our region. Thanks to them, a large number of Catholic churches were built, and a Catholic Jesuit college was moved to Uzhhorod from the Slovak city of Humeny, which became the first higher education institution in Transcarpathia.

Origins of Christianity in Transcarpathia

Christianity appeared in Transcarpathia in the first century AD. It came here along with trade from Rome and later from Byzantium. Graves with Byzantine crosses indicate that the White Croats, already during the Avars’ rule in the VII-VIII centuries, not only knew Christianity but also adhered to its traditions.

In the late 80s of the ninth century, travelling across the Potyssia and finding Christians in historic Transcarpathia, the disciples of the Slavic enlighteners Cyril and Methodius legitimised them, confirmed them in the faith, and gave them a hierarchy. With their participation, the first Christian churches and monasteries were founded in the region, which later became centres of culture, Slavic writing and church literature.

After arriving in Pannonia and establishing their own state on the Danube, the Hungarians adopted the Slavs of the region’s way of life, form of government, and Eastern rite Christianity.

In the mid-11th century, scholarly monks expelled by Brzetislav II from the Sazav Monastery in Bohemia found refuge in Hungary and partly in Transcarpathia. They maintained close ties with the centres of Slavic culture in the Tisza-Danube basin, the Balkans, and Kyivan Rus. Thanks to their efforts, the Ugolsky Monastery was founded, which eventually became the see of the Maramorosh Orthodox bishops.

Features of Transcarpathian folklore

It is impossible to imagine Transcarpathians without songs, music and dances. It doesn’t matter whether it’s the mournful and sad singing of a peasant tired of hard life, or the unrestrainedly brave song of the opryshky, or a lullaby, or a gentle maiden song, or a joking kolomyika – song is everywhere. It reflects important socio-political events, everyday life, as well as various feelings and moods.

Folk art is best preserved in the mountainous regions of Transcarpathia, where cultural ties are severely limited.

Transcarpathian folk dances are also unique. They are distinguished by small rhythmic movements ‘to the beat of their own drum’, reminiscent of jumping over mountain streams, stones and fallen trees. The most distinctive of them are the Hutsul war dance ‘arkan’, the women’s dance ‘karychka’ and the Hungarian men’s dance ‘chardash’.

Transcarpathian folk instruments also impress music lovers. They are played by members of amateur and professional folklore ensembles. The main place among them is occupied by the Transcarpathian folk choir, an artistic group without which it is difficult to imagine the modern culture of the region.

The violin traditionally plays the main role in the folk music of the region. Bass and double bass are also popular. The cymbals are used to create rhythm and harmonious background in a musical composition and to strengthen the bass base of a melody.

Since ancient times, the inhabitants of the Carpathians have learnt to produce sounds using plant leaves, tree bark, wood chips, etc. They created such easy-to-make instruments as the scythe, teplynka, sandpiper or tylinka. Highlanders make trembitas, or signal pipes, from larch or spruce trunks. Many people know the sound of the Carpathian flute. The Hungarian population of the region has a similar instrument – the furua, and the Romanians of Transcarpathia – the fluer.

In addition to the flute, the inhabitants of the mountains have long used the drymba. Until recently, it was one of the most common instruments.

Today, music, songs, and dances can be heard and seen at concerts, fairs, and folk art festivals.

Transcarpathian kolomyikas

One of the most characteristic song genres of Transcarpathian folklore is kolomyiky. These are short humorous songs. Kolomyikas are most common in the mountain villages of Transcarpathia, especially in the Hutsul region, where they dominate all other song genres.

Kolomyikas are short songs that are often combined into ‘vyazyanky’ by a number of performers, usually without a strict plot. It all depended on the situation and the performer. Kolomyikas could be used as an accompaniment to a dance, which is called ‘kolomyika’ or ‘hutsulka’. The genre of kolomyikas was created by mountain shepherds and woodcutters. Sitting around the campfire in the long evenings, they liked to tell various stories, usually with plots about otherworldly forces. Men who had the gift of the so-called ‘bayu’ were specially invited to family ceremonies, where they were supposed to scare away evil spirits and bring good ones. There are about two hundred demonic entities in Hutsul mythology. Some of them help and some harm people.

The new Transcarpathian kolomyikas created in our time can testify to the great vitality of this genre.

Tours and excursions

The best places of Transcarpathia

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